It’snosecretthataerobicexercisecanhelpstaveoffsomeoftheravagesofaging。Butagrowingbodyofresearchsuggeststhatswimmingmightprovideauniqueboosttobrainhealth。有氧运动有助于延缓衰老,这已经不是什么秘密了。但越来越多的研究表明,游泳可能对大脑健康有独特的促进作用。 Regularswimminghasbeenshowntoimprovememory,cognitivefunction,immuneresponseandmood。Swimmingmayalsohelprepairdamagefromstressandforgenewneuralconnectionsinthebrain。经常游泳已被证明可以改善记忆力、认知功能、免疫反应和情绪。游泳还有助于修复压力造成的损伤,并在大脑中建立新的神经连接。 Asaneurobiologisttrainedinbrainphysiology,afitnessenthusiastandamom,Ispendhoursatthelocalpoolduringthesummer。It’snotunusualtoseechildrengleefullysplashingandswimmingwhiletheirparentssunbatheatadistanceandI’vebeenoneofthoseparentsobservingfromthepoolsideplentyoftimes。Butifmoreadultsrecognizedthecognitiveandmentalhealthbenefitsofswimming,theymightbemoreinclinedtojumpinthepoolalongsidetheirkids。作为接受过大脑生理学培训的神经生物学家、健身爱好者和妈妈,我在夏天会在当地的游泳池度过几个小时。当他们的父母在远处享受日光浴时,看到孩子们兴高采烈地戏水和游泳并不少见我本人就是曾多次在池畔观察的父母之一。但如果更多的成年人认识到游泳对认知和心理健康的好处,他们可能更愿意和孩子一起跳进游泳池。 Newandimprovedbraincellsandconnections新的和改进的脑细胞和连接 Now,thereisclearevidencethataerobicexercisecancontributetoneurogenesisandplayakeyroleinhelpingtoreverseorrepairdamagetoneuronsandtheirconnectionsinbothmammalsandfish。现在,有明确的证据表明,有氧运动可以促进神经发生,并在帮助逆转或修复哺乳动物和鱼类神经元及其连接的损伤方面发挥关键作用。 Researchshowsthatoneofthekeywaysthesechangesoccurinresponsetoexerciseisthroughincreasedlevelsofaproteincalledbrainderivedneurotrophicfactor。Theneuralplasticity,orabilityofthebraintochange,thatthisproteinstimulateshasbeenshowntoboostcognitivefunction,includinglearningandmemory。研究表明,这些变化发生的关键方式之一是通过增加一种称为脑源性神经营养因子的蛋白质水平。这种蛋白质刺激的神经可塑性或大脑改变的能力已被证明可以增强认知功能,包括学习和记忆。 成年人看着孩子们从泳池边戏水很诱人,但研究表明,值得和他们一起跳进去。 Studiesinpeoplehavefoundastrongrelationshipbetweenconcentrationsofbrainderivedneurotrophicfactorcirculatinginthebrainandanincreaseinthesizeofthehippocampus,thebrainregionresponsibleforlearningandmemory。Increasedlevelsofbrainderivedneurotrophicfactorhavealsobeenshowntosharpencognitiveperformanceandtohelpreduceanxietyanddepression。Incontrast,researchershaveobservedmooddisordersinpatientswithlowerconcentrationsofbrainderivedneurotrophicfactor。对人的研究发现,大脑中循环的脑源性神经营养因子的浓度与海马体(负责学习和记忆的大脑区域)的大小增加之间存在密切关系。脑源性神经营养因子水平的增加也被证明可以提高认知能力,并有助于减少焦虑和抑郁。相比之下,研究人员在脑源性神经营养因子浓度较低的患者中观察到情绪障碍。 Aerobicexercisealsopromotesthereleaseofspecificchemicalmessengerscalledneurotransmitters。Oneoftheseisserotonin,whichwhenpresentatincreasedlevelsisknowntoreducedepressionandanxietyandimprovemood。有氧运动还能促进称为神经递质的特定化学信使的释放。其中之一是血清素,当其水平升高时,可以减少抑郁和焦虑并改善情绪。 Instudiesinfish,scientistshaveobservedchangesingenesresponsibleforincreasingbrainderivedneurotrophicfactorlevelsaswellasenhanceddevelopmentofthedendriticspinesprotrusionsonthedendrites,orelongatedportionsofnervecellsaftereightweeksofexercisecomparedwithcontrols。Thiscomplementsstudiesinmammalswherebrainderivedneurotrophicfactorisknowntoincreaseneuronalspinedensity。Thesechangeshavebeenshowntocontributetoimprovedmemory,moodandenhancedcognitioninmammals。Thegreaterspinedensityhelpsneuronsbuildnewconnectionsandsendmoresignalstoothernervecells。Withtherepetitionofsignals,connectionscanbecomestronger。在对鱼类的研究中,科学家们观察到,与对照组相比,在运动八周后,负责增加脑源性神经营养因子水平的基因发生了变化,并促进了树突棘(树突上的突起或神经细胞的延长部分)的发育。这补充了在哺乳动物中的研究,其中已知脑源性神经营养因子会增加神经元脊柱密度。这些变化已被证明有助于改善哺乳动物的记忆力、情绪和认知能力。更大的脊柱密度有助于神经元建立新的连接并向其他神经细胞发送更多信号。随着信号的重复,连接会变得更牢固。 Butwhat’sspecialaboutswimming?但是游泳有什么特别之处呢? Swimminghaslongbeenrecognizedforitscardiovascularbenefits。Becauseswimminginvolvesallofthemajormusclegroups,thehearthastoworkhard,whichincreasesbloodflowthroughoutthebody。Thisleadstothecreationofnewbloodvessels,aprocesscalledangiogenesis。Thegreaterbloodflowcanalsoleadtoalargereleaseofendorphinshormonesthatactasanaturalpainreducerthroughoutthebody。Thissurgebringsaboutthesenseofeuphoriathatoftenfollowsexercise。游泳对心血管的益处早已被公认。因为游泳涉及所有主要肌肉群,所以心脏必须努力工作,这会增加全身的血流量。这会导致新血管的产生,这一过程称为血管生成。更大的血流量也会导致内啡肽的大量释放内啡肽在全身起到天然止痛剂的作用。这种激增带来了运动后经常出现的欣快感。 Kidsgetaboostfromswimmingtoo孩子们也能从游泳中得到提升 Thebrainenhancingbenefitsfromswimmingappeartoalsoboostlearninginchildren。游泳对大脑增强的好处似乎也促进了儿童的学习。 Theyfoundthatchildren’saccuracywasmuchhigherforwordslearnedfollowingswimmingcomparedwithcoloringandCrossFit,whichresultedinthesamelevelofrecall。Thisshowsaclearcognitivebenefitfromswimmingversusanaerobicexercise,thoughthestudydoesnotcompareswimmingwithotheraerobicexercises。Thesefindingsimplythatswimmingforevenshortperiodsoftimeishighlybeneficialtoyoung,developingbrains。他们发现,与着色和CrossFit相比,儿童在游泳后学到的单词的准确率要高得多,这导致了相同的回忆水平。这表明游泳与无氧运动相比有明显的认知益处,尽管该研究没有将游泳与其他有氧运动进行比较。这些发现意味着即使是短时间的游泳对年轻、发育中的大脑也非常有益。 Forcenturies,peoplehavebeeninsearchofafountainofyouth。Swimmingjustmightbetheclosestwecanget。几个世纪以来,人们一直在寻找青春之泉。游泳可能是我们能得到的最接近的。