健康

　　标题：Isthe‘successfulpsychopath’amythorreality？
　　作者：DANIELLELEVESQUE
　　原文链接：http：www。psypost。org201510isthesuccessfulpsychopathamythorreality38286
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　　Issuccessfulpsychopathyanoxymoron？What’sthedifferencebetweenpsychopathswhospendtheirlivesinprisonandthosewhoexcelinsociety？ThesearesomeofthequestionsexaminedinanewstudypublishedinCurrentDirectionsinPsychologicalScience。
　　Thestudy，ascientificstatusreportonearlyandcurrentresearch，seekstodefinesuccessfulpsychopathyandcomparethemostcommonmodelsinusetoday。
　　Mostresearchonpsychopathyinvolvesstudyingpeoplewhoareincarceratedandtheseindividualsareassumedtobeunsuccessful。
　　Nevertheless，thepastdecadehaswitnessedgrowinginterestinanintriguingpossibility：Perhapsmanypsychopathicindividualsarethrivingintheeverydayworld，insomecasesoccupyingthehigherechelonsofselectedprofessions，wroteScottLilienfeld，correspondingauthor，inthestudy。Indeed，〔RobertD。Hare〕positedthatincarceratedpsychopaths‘representonlythetipofaverylargeiceberg。
　　Definition：WhatisSuccessfulPsychopathy？
　　AccordingtoLilienfeldandhiscolleagues，scientistsdisagreeoverhowtodefinesuccess。
　　Someemphasizeshorttermsuccess，someemphasizetheattainmentofpersonalfameandfortune，whereasothersemphasizebehaviorsbenefitingsociety，saidLilienfeld。Stillothersemphasizeonlytheabsenceofprominentantisocialbehavior。
　　Thisfundamentaldisagreementhasledtothreedistinctmodelsofpsychopathy，allofwhichwereexaminedandcomparedinthisreview。
　　DifferentialseverityModel
　　Thedifferentialseveritymodelsuggeststhatpsychopathyisasingleconstructonaspectrum，andthatsuccessfulandunsuccessfulpsychopathsonlydifferintheirseverity。
　　Thismodelhasnotbeenstatisticallyverified。Infact，astudyconductedon29participantswithpsychopathictraitsseemstorefuteit。Successwasdefinedbywhetherornottheparticipanthadbeenconvictedofacrime。
　　ThestudyfoundthatthescoresbetweenthetwogroupsonthePsychopathyChecklistRevised（PCLR）onlydifferedinspecificareas。Theunsuccessfulpsychopathsscoredhigheronmeasuresofcharmandguiltlessness，forexample，butloweronothermeasures。
　　ModeratedexpressionModel
　　Thismodelalsosuggeststhatpsychopathyisasingleconstruct，butthatsuccessfulpsychopathsalsopossesssomecharacteristicsoutsideofpsychopathythathelpthemtobufferthemselvesagainstpoorconsequences。Someofthesefactorsmightbeintelligenceorpositiveparenting。
　　Severalstudieslendcredibilitytothistheory，accordingtotheresearchteam。Onesuchstudyfoundthatsuccessfulpsychopathsexhibithigherexecutivefunctioningandmoresensitiveresponsiveness，andarebetteratprocessinginformation。Thisstudyalsousedincarcerationtodefinesuccess。。
　　Severalotherstudieshavelinkedpositiveparentingwiththeinhibitionofantisocialbehaviors。Thoughthelinkhasnotbeenproven，severallongitudinalstudiesareintheworkstoexamineitfurther。
　　DifferentialconfigurationModel
　　Unlikethefirsttwomodels，thedifferentialconfigurationmodelsuggeststhatpsychopathyisacombinationofseveraltraitsandfactors。Successfulandunsuccessfulpsychopathsdifferintheindividualtraitstheypossess。Oneparticulartraitthatmanysuccessfulpsychopathsmayexhibitisfearlessdominance。
　　Inonestudy，scientistssurveyed146psychologists，lawyersandpsychologyprofessorstodescribeapsychopaththeyknewwhohadachievedsuccess。75manyofthemweredistinguishedfromunsuccessfulpsychopathsbycertaintraits，suchasextraversion，selfdiscipline，andalackofagreeableness。
　　Lilienfeldandhiscolleaguesconcluded：Althoughsuccessfulpsychopathyhaslongbeentheprovinceofpopularpsychology，recentresearchhasbeguntoshedlightonthisenigmaticconstruct。
　　Whileearlyresearchhasbeeninterestingandthoughtprovoking，moreresearchandabetterdefinitionofsuccessfulpsychopathareneededbeforeanystrongconclusionscanbedrawn。
　　Byattendingtothese〔factors〕，researcherswillhopefullyachieveabetterunderstandingofhowonepersonwithpronouncedpsychopathictraitscanendupbeingtheprototypeofthehabitualcriminal，whereasanothercanendupbeingtheprototypefor〔thesuccessfulpsychopath〕，Lilienfeldsaid。